War Powers of the President

The president is a very important figure in the U.S. military. As commander and chief, he controls a significant part of the militarys actions in times of war. In the constitution, article 1 section 8 clause 11 says that Congress can declare war, and the president directs the war. Article 2 section 2 of the Constitution names the president commander in chief. These two sections require that Congress and the president work together in war time, with congress declaring and funding war, while the president directs it. Over time the president's powers over our military have been expanded beyond what the constitution originally allowed through the 20th and 21st amendments. These amendments allowed the president to deploy troops without congressional approval. This power was given to the president during the cold war because it was believed it would make the country less vulnerable to attack because we could react and deploy troops more easily. This was used to start the Korean War,  Vietnam War,  and many other conflicts. To combat the president's ability to deploy troops without approval, Congress passed the War Powers Act which required the president to alert congress within 48 hours of deploying troops and he must withdraw the troops within 60 days if he does not get Congressional approval. This act prevented the president from having total control over the U.S. army.

World Poverty

            Poverty is a huge issue around the world, affecting billions of people. In America we are relatively isolated from extreme poverty, which makes us much less aware of and sympathetic for people who suffer from poverty. About half of the world lives on less than $2.50 a day, and about one sixth of the world live on less than $1.25 a day. This means these people barely have enough money to provide food for themselves and their families, forget common luxuries that we have in America like cars and electronics.

            One of the effects poverty around the world, is people living in poverty cannot afford sufficient shelter or clean water. One billion people around the world do not have access to clean water, which can lead to deadly waterborne illnesses. These illnesses are often treatable, but those who are forced to drink unclean water usually cannot afford medical treatment.  This cycle makes it very difficult for those in poverty to remain healthy. In many tropical countries that have high poverty rates, also suffer from malaria which is one of the biggest killers in the world.

           As you can see, poverty is a huge problem around the world. People on every continent suffer from it, even in some of the richest nations on earth. Although it may be impossible to help all people who are in poverty, it can be helped immensely by charity and other efforts.

Lord of the Flies

            In Lord of the Flies for a large section of the book, it is unclear who the protagonist of the book is. When the book begins it has two main characters that emerge from the jungle first. “The beach between the palm terrace and the water was a thin stick, endless apparently, for to Ralph’s left the perspectives of palm and beach and water drew to a point at infinity; and always, almost visible, was the heat.” It seems that these two boys would naturally become the protagonists, but later Simon and Jack also seem fit for the role of protagonist. Later in the book when Simon and Piggy die, it seems like Ralph is the protagonist and Jack is the antagonist, but I do not entirely agree with that. I think the book was not a story about good guys and bad guys, I think it was more about human morality and how we act without authority or threat of punishment. The protagonist was the entire group and the antagonist was the group’s slow decay.

            One thing in this book that is different from most other survival books about this book is that there are never any threats to the groups lives except for themselves. Most of the time in books like this there is a famine or a hurricane, something that threatens the wellbeing of the characters in the book but in Lord of the Flies there is never anything like that. They even make up their own threat in their imaginations in the book. “He still says he saw the beastie. It came and went away again an’ came back and wanted to eat him” I believe the reason William Golding did not add something like that, is so the book would show how a group would decay on its own without authority. I think that the group probably would have remained more united if there had been a threat. They would have had a common enemy so they would not have become enemies of each other.

            I think that the overall theme of this book is the importance of authority and rules. When people learn that there is nothing stopping them from doing whatever they want, the entire idea of remaining civilized is ignored and replaced with greed and a grab for power. On the island when they attempt to make rules, it fails because they have no way to enforce the rules. Everyone on the island has an even amount of power, so no one is in a position to enforce rules.

Hope and Fear

Hope and fear are a big part of everyone’s life whether they know it or not. In school and work, people hope to get a good grade or a good performance review, and fear missing a deadline or making a mistake on a project. It’s the same reason I’m writing this blog, to avoid a bad grade and get a good one. I believe that hope and fear are both of the forces that motivate people, with hope on one end of the spectrum and fear on the other. Either one can easily replace the other depending on how your mentality in a situation, and both can be equally effective as the other. Most of the time people are motivated by a mixture of the two, instead of just one.

In the book Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, Okonkwo is a great example of motivation by fear. He constantly worries that he will end up like his father, and has the same worries about his children. This is the reason he is so desperate to repair his reputation after returning from being banished. He is motivated through fear to make sure he has a good reputation among Umofia, and that is what eventually leads to his downfall. I think that the reason Okonkwo comes to such an unfortunate end is because when someone is motivated by fear, they become reckless to avoid the impending punishment, and do things like make a connection to a book they read a month ago in order to reach a word count.

In the book Wool by Hugh Howey, there is a good example of a different motivating force which is hope. In the first part of the book, Sheriff Holston’s wife Allison discovers a system that is creating false images to display on screens somewhere in the silo. She assumes this means that the screens displaying the outside of the silo are false images, and goes outside to her death. This event is a great example of how hope motivates. Allison hoped that the barren toxic wasteland she knew was actually a green grassy world that was being hidden from them. She rushes outside only to find she is wrong, which is the downside of being motivated by hope. When people are motivated by hope they rush to the reward they think is at the end of their efforts, and make mistakes that could replace their reward with a punishment.

After reading books like these two, my conclusion is that there is no perfect motivating force. Both hope and fear have significant downfalls that can only be fixed by the presence of the other factors. Overall, the best motivator is enough hope to keep you excited about what you’re doing and influence you to do your best, and enough fear to keep you are cautious about mistakes.

The republic

          Plato's Republic is one of the oldest books still read in our society, but it is still very popular and brings up questions that still have yet to be answered. I think we have failed to answer the questions in this book and are still intrigued with it after thousands of years is because the questions either simply have no answer, or have an answer that changes depending on who's is answering them. For example, the definition of justice is so obscure, how one person interprets it is almost never the same as how someone else defines it.
          In the book one thing I noticed about how Plato described justice, was that he never talked about how anyone would be punished for crimes. I believe the reason that he never mentioned how people would be punished is because he believes that in a just society, there will be no crimes to punish. He thinks justice is not the enforcement of laws and the punishment of crimes, but the lack of crime altogether.

Things Fall Apart

          In the book things fall apart by Chinua Achebe, Okonkwo's village is going through huge changes unlike anything they had ever seen before. As white missionaries and settlers move in they try to impose their ideas about religion and law on the local tribes, first by simply suggesting their ideas, and later by forcing it upon them. Most of the conflict in the book originated from the settlers forcing their ideas on Umofia, which influences the village people to react violently.

          In the book, the village of Umofia is ruled largely by religion and that ends up causing many of their problems. This is similar to how tribe cultures are affecting the spread of Ebola in Africa. Many of the cultures in Africa have death rituals that involve interacting with the bodies of their dead which causes the virus to spread to whoever interacts with the corpses. There is an example of this in the book when Ezeudu died. The ceremony involved leaving the body uncovered and having people walk and around it. In modern day Africa, some groups of people are not willing to give up these rituals despite the threat of Ebola. This has caused Ebola to be spread quickly by corpses in some part of Africa.
          Another important topic in the book is tradition and how it changes. One good example of tradition changing between generations in the book is when Nwoye leaves to join the missionaries and Obierika brings Okonkwo the news while he is exiled. "What moved Obierika to Okonkwo was the sudden appearance of his latter's son, Nwoye, among the missionaries in Umofia." page 107. Okonkwo is extremely against the new religion and is furious at Nwoye for joining it, which I think might be one of the reasons Nwoye left in the first place. He had never agreed with his father and joined the missionaries just to spite him.

Ethnography preconceptions

I am doing my ethnography on my friend's catholic church. I have gone to a Lutheran Church all my life and have become very familiar with their traditions. I have always wondered what was different about catholic churches but I have never had the chance to observe a service at one.

        I do have some preconceptions on what the Catholic Church will be like. One thing I think will be different from my church, is that it might be more strict than a Lutheran church. From what I know about Catholics, they pray at home much more often than anyone from my church.

        Some other things I think will be different from my church is the traditions during the church service. I know that catholic churches have some different view over some topics than Lutherans do. I also know that they have some traditions, like confession, that Lutheran Churches do not have. Another difference I expect to see while observing the church, is a less free form service. From what I have seen of catholic churches, which is not very much, the pastors have a script that they rarely vary from. In my church it is not uncommon for the pastor to start a story related to the sermon.

Me as a Writer

My Autobiography as a Writer

By Alec Wakefield

            Deciding when I first started writing may depend on what you consider writing. Like almost all kids I learned how to draw letters, string together basic words in kindergarten, and even construct easy sentences. But it was not until early grade school that I could create a story in my head and put it in words on paper. So it depends if you think writing is creating words, or stories that decides when I started writing.

            Most of the writing I did in first grade that I can remember was non-fiction, although I’m not sure if that is the best description of it. We used to keep journals that we would use to record what we did over the weekend, and I managed to find mine. Most of my journal entries consisted of misspelled words and poorly drawn pictures, and were probably the first stories I ever wrote. At this point in my writing, I did not know how to come up with my own story line in my head which is required to write fiction.

 The first time I remember writing fiction was in third grade with my teacher Mr. Stimler. Mr. Stimler was one of the most influential people for me as a writer, because he was the first teacher who ever encouraged me to write fiction. Writing fiction was very interesting to me at the time, and this is one of the only times in my life that I wrote for fun. I would start a story in class, then bring it home and continue it and ask Mr. Stimler to read it for me. Most of the writing I did at the time was similar to whatever I had read recently, so some of my stories were not very original, but still helped me come to like writing.

The most important part of fourth and fifth grade for me was the introduction of research papers. It started with writing a paper about a state in fourth grade, and the writing a research paper about parasites the next year in fifth grade. For the first time we had to take notes form our sources, and put them together in to a paper. Research papers are still one my least favorite forms of writing because they are so much more time consuming than writing a story about yourself or one you made up. We continued to write fiction during these years, but the research papers were the most notable change.

            Sixth grade was another important year for me as a writer, partly because research papers and projects became not only part of writing/reading class, but also part of history class. In sixth grade we did a project called history day, which is a national competition of history projects and was also part of our grade. This was the first research project that I enjoyed making, and changed my outlook on research papers. It made me realize they were much more enjoyable if you pick a topic you are interested in before the assignment.

            Seventh and eighth grade were not hugely important in my writing, and were more important for reading. We read short stories and novels instead of writing as much. One significant thing that happened to me as a writer in eighth grade was when we blogged about stories that we read. Blogging about the books taught me to reflect on stories I had read, and think about them in different ways. It helped me view stories and events from many different perspectives.

Hamlet blog

In the play hamlet, justice is a big part of the main story as hamlet tries to find out what justice is after he learns that his father was murdered and he finds out that his uncle was responsible. As Hamlet attempts to bring justice to his uncle he finds that justice is more complicated than most people imagine.
 In many ways justice is even more complicated in real life than how it is described in hamlet because most of the time justice is enforced using organizations instead of individuals. This means that for a crime to be punished it has to wait for the organization to decide on the sentence. When an individual enforces justice they can decide on the sentence much sooner, but may have more biased views. The conflict between enforcement by a group which is less biased but takes more time and enforcement by an individual who can enforce justice quickly but is more likely to be biased.
This brings us to my question for this blog, is justice attainable in the real world. Since it is nearly impossible for a person to be completely unbiased, there is no perfect way to determine who is guilty of a crime, how they should be punished, or even if there should be a law against what they did. The only way to make sure that a decision is less biased is to use a group so members of the group can persuade other members who are biased, which means that they are more likely to be unbiased but will need time to discuss.
 That brings up another part of my question, is there a timeline to justice. If a certain amount of time passes and justice is not served to the criminal, can it become too late to punish him? A good example is if you catch a dog chewing a shoe and punish him twenty minutes later, the dog will not understand what the punishment is for and it will just seem like unnecessary cruelty. The question is, does this same property apply to people too. As mentioned earlier, a large group deciding on a sentence would be more accurate but take more time. By that logic a larger group takes longer to come to a decision and will be more accurate, but eventually the group will take so much time that punishing the criminal would not make sense anymore.

found poetry poem

All the army forces assemble,
25 million in all,
Don't comment don't curse,
just report them,
it's a facebook raid.
This is a fight or democracy,
hundreds of pages knocked down.

Article link: http://www.theverge.com/2014/9/2/6083647/facebook-s-report-abuse-button-has-become-a-tool-of-global-oppression

What is Justice

Justice can be defined a lot of different ways depending on who is enforcing it. It’s not always good under some circumstances. My personal definition of justice is the enforcement of social, religious, and cultural norms. In Plato's Republic They define justice as "the advantage of the stronger" which I think means that whoever has power decides what justice is and will shape it to their ideals. This could be good or bad depending on the person in power. Someone with good intentions, who is in power, will probably try to improve the society by enforcing what he thinks are good morals, but someone with bad intentions might enforce morals that help their own personal gain.

According to dictionary.com, justice is “the quality of being just; righteousness, equitableness, or moral rightness” or “the administering of deserved punishment or reward. “ The second definition is very similar to my definition of justice; except they do not say what decides if something deserves a reward or a punishment. Their definitions of justice also imply that justice is always good when they describe it as “moral rightness”. I personally believe that justice is only as just as its enforcers. For example, before slavery was abolished whenever a slave escaped it was considered justice when they were caught and returned.

One good way to find out what we think justice is, is by looking at how we portray heroes in movies, TV shows, comics, etc. Almost every hero has some sort of ability that everyday people lack, whether it be a super hero who can fly, or a super spy with a razor sharp mine. I think this shows that people believe that only people more powerful than them can enforce justice, and a typical person cannot do it themselves. The problem is, in the real world where there are no heroes, people still have the same assumption that they cannot enforce they look to their leaders to take up the role, and their leaders then get to decide how to enforce it.